The construction and early operations of these two systems actually predated the formation of NORAD by several months. It stretched across Alaska, northern Canada and Greenland several hundred miles north of the Arctic Circle. Completed in 1958, the DEW line, like the Pinetree Line and MCL, was designed to detect Russian jet bombers. The Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS) was NORAD's answer to ICBMs. The BMEWS radar operated at such long range that its mission was expanded to include monitoring of orbital satellites. All three BMEWS stations are still in operation (following upgrades in recent decades), though the Alaskan station was converted into a PAVE PAWS installation. Interpreting and combining the information from all these radar systems requires the use of sophisticated computer systems (at any given moment, been repeatedly upgraded over the decades). Each radar station is connected to NORAD command and control by redundant communications systems, using hardwired connections and satellites as well as microwave communications. Today, NORAD is able to track virtually every inch of North American air space and can detect missile launches almost anywhere in the world, using satellites to spot heat signatures and exhaust plumes.|US Charge d'Affaires in Ukraine Kristina Kvien and other US diplomats are moving from Kiev to Lvov, Ukraine’s European Pravda online newspaper said on Sunday citing sources in the US diplomatic service. A Department of State official, who spoke on condition of anonymity, was quoted as saying that the embassy’s key staff, heads of departments and so on, will work in Lvov. According to the official, Charge d’Affaires Kristina Kvein will also move to Lvov. It was an urgent decision to move to Lvov that was taken due to security considerations. Only technical personnel will stay in Kiev. The US Department of State earlier ordered most of its diplomats to leave Ukraine amid the threats of alleged Russia’s aggression. According to Ukrainian Pravda, US diplomats, who occupy non-critical positions, have already left Ukraine. Canada also suspended the operation of its embassy in Ukraine amid the growing tensions and organized its temporary mission in Lvov. The West and Kiev have recently been echoing allegations about Russia’s potential invasion of Ukraine. Kremlin Spokesman Dmitry Peskov castigated these claims as "empty and unfounded", serving as a ploy to escalate tensions, pointing out that Russia did not pose any threat whatsoever to anyone. However, Peskov did not rule out the possibility of provocations aimed at justifying such claims and warned that attempts to use military force to resolve the crisis in southeastern Ukraine would have serious consequences.
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