POSTSUBSCRIPT should have their internal structure affected by electron-degeneracy as they contract gravitationally after their formation. Those objects should be unable to release enough energy from hydrogen nuclear burning, since their central temperatures begin to decrease after degeneracy proceeds. They should never go through the usual stellar evolution phases, living as ”failed” stars. The theoretical calculations of the two pioneer papers in 1963 marked the birth of brown dwarfs fifty years ago. Following these predictions, the motivation was there for more theoretical calculations and evolutionary models for brown dwarfs Grossman (1970); Straka (1971); Rappaport and Joss (1984), followed by many others. With the discovery of the first genuine brown dwarfs about 20 years ago, (see the chapters by R. Rebolo, G. Basri, and by B. Oppenheimer in this volume), the theory and modelling of brown dwarfs have constantly developed and improved. The first major theoretical challenge was the development of an equation of state (EOS hereafter) appropriate for the description of the dense and relatively cool interior of brown dwarfs, accounting for the effects of electron partial degeneracy and interaction between particles, namely molecules, atoms, ions and electrons (see Chabrier and Baraffe (2000) and references therein).|The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists hosted a live virtual news conference Thursday, Jan. 20, 2022, to announce the status of the 'Doomsday Clock' and commemorate the 75th anniversary of the iconic clock at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C. Citing growing nuclear risks and unchecked climate dangers, the group said the clock is "holding steady" at 100 seconds before midnight. The Bulletin of Atomic Scientists has decided not to move the second hand on its Doomsday Clock. As of Jan. 20, 2022, the clock is still less than two minutes to midnight. The group is also commemorating the 75th anniversary of the Doomsday Clock, which was founded in 1947 by University of Chicago scientists who worked on the Manhattan Project. The Doomsday Clock is known globally as a gauge of how close the world could be to the apocalypse. Last year’s leadership change in the United States provided hope that what seemed like a global race toward catastrophe might be halted and - with renewed U.S.
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